Clinical Rhinology

Register      Login

VOLUME 10 , ISSUE 3 ( 2017 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A Comparative Study of Microbiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Anuja Bhargava, Manish Chandra, Satveer S Jassal, Sami Ullah, Vineeta Khare

Keywords : Aerobes, Anaerobes, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Fungal, Microbiology, Rhinosinusitis, Smokers and nonsmokers

Citation Information : Bhargava A, Chandra M, Jassal SS, Ullah S, Khare V. A Comparative Study of Microbiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Smokers and Nonsmokers. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2017; 10 (3):107-112.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1319

License: CC BY-ND 3.0

Published Online: 01-06-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2017; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: Comparative study of microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in smokers and nonsmokers. Materials and methods: This study was carried out on 700 patients diagnosed with CRS attending the ear, nose, and throat outpatient department (OPD) at Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, India, between January 2015 and June 2016. These patients were divided into two groups (smokers and nonsmokers). All patients underwent diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Two samples were collected and antimicrobial sensitivity test was done. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Chi-squared test and independent samples t-test were used to compare the data. A p-value <0.05 indicated a statistically significant association. Results: Of 700 patients included in the study, smokers constituted 333 (47.57%) patients and nonsmokers constituted 367 (52.43%) patients. Out of the 700 patients, bacterial isolates of 585 (83.57%) were found to be positive, of which aerobes were 485 (82.91%) and the rest 100 were anaerobes. After antimicrobial therapy, all the symptoms were higher in smokers as compared with nonsmokers. Proportion of improvement in nonsmokers (90.19%) was higher as compared with smokers. Conclusion: Microbiology of CRS is highly influenced by smoking habit. On evaluating the treatment response in terms of repeat sampling after 3 months, we found that pathogen positivity rate was much higher in smokers as compared with nonsmokers, thus implying that smoking exposure in vivo does alter the efficacy of antibiotics.


PDF Share
  1. Gleeson, M.; Browning, G.; Burton, M. Scott Brown's otorhinolaryngol. Head and neck surgery. 7th ed. Vol. 2. Chapter 113. London: Hodder Arnold; 2008. p. 1439-1440.
  2. Report of the rhinosinusitis task force committee meeting. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Sep;117(3 Pt 2):S1-S68.
  3. US Census Bureau. International Data Base. 2004.
  4. Hamilos DL. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 Oct;128(4):693-707.
  5. Benninger MS, Ferguson BJ, Hardley JA, Hamilos DL, Jacobs M, Kennedy DW, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Osguthorpe JD, Stankiewicz JA, et al. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 Sep;129(3 Suppl):S1-S32.
  6. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Nicklas RA, Bachert C, Baraniuk J, Baroody FM, Benninger MS, et al. Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 Dec;114(6 Suppl):155-212.
  7. Benninger MS. The impact of cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke on nasal and sinus disease. Am J Rhinol 1999 Nov-Dec;13(6):435-438.
  8. Brook I. Microbiology of sinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011 Mar;8(1):90-100.
  9. Brook I, Hausfeld JN. Microbiology of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis in smokers and nonsmokers. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2011 Nov;120(11):707-712.
  10. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F, Cohen N, Cervin A, Douglas R, Gevaert P, et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2012 Mar;50(1):1-12.
  11. Murray, PR.; Baron, EJ.; Jorgensen, JH.; Pfaller, MA.; Yolken, RH. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2003. p. 2322.
  12. Clinical Laboratories Standard Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disks susceptibility tests. Approved standards. 11th ed. CLSI document M2-A12. Wayne (PA): CLSI; 2012.
  13. Eriksson J, Ekerljung L, Sundblad BM, Lötvall J, Torén K, Rönmark E, Larsson K, Lundbäck B. Cigarette smoking is associated with high prevalence of chronic rhinitis and low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. Allergy 2013 Mar;68(3):347-354.
  14. Shi JB, Fu QL, Zhang H, Cheng L, Wang YJ, Zhu DD, Lv W, Liu SX, Li PZ, Ou CQ, et al. Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: results from a cross-sectional survey in seven Chinese cities. Allergy 2015 May;70(5):533-539.
  15. Goel S, Tripathy JP, Singh RJ, Lal P. Smoking trends among women in India: analysis of nationally representative surveys (1993-2009). South Asian J Cancer 2014 Oct;3(4):200-202.
  16. Cain RB, Lal D. Update on the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Infect Drug Resist 2013 Jan;6:1-14.
  17. Soysa NS, Ellepola AN. The impact of cigarette/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview. Oral Dis 2005 Sep;11(5):268-273.
  18. Su W, Jiang Y. Bacterial culture analysis for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2015 Nov;40(11):1253-1257.
  19. Bhattacharyya N. Bacterial infection in chronic rhinosinusitis: a controlled paired analysis. Am J Rhinol 2005 Nov- Dec;19(6):544-548.
  20. Boase S, Foreman A, Cleland E, Tan L, Melton-Kroft R, Pant H, Hu FZ, Ehrlich GD, Wormald PJ. The microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis: culture, molecular diagnostics and biofilm detection. BMC Infect Dis 2013 May;13:210.
  21. Mantovani K, Bisanha AA, Demarco RC, Tamashiro E, Martinez R, Anselmo-Lima WT. Maxillary sinuses microbiology from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2010 Sep-Oct;76(5):548-551.
  22. Brook I, Gober AE. Recovery of potential pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy and otitis media-prone children and their smoking and nonsmoking parents. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008 Oct;117(10):727-730.
  23. Wu J, Peters BA, Dominianni C, Zhang Y, Pei Z, Yang L, Ma Y, Purdue MP, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, et al. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J 2016 Mar;10(10):2435-2446.
  24. Ertel A, Eng R, Smith SM. The differential effect of cigarette smoke on the growth of bacteria found in humans. Chest 1991 Sep;100(3):628-630.
  25. Reh DD, Higgins TS, Smith TL. Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012 Sep-Oct;2(5):362-369.
  26. Lee KI, Kim DW, Kim EH, Kim JH, Samivel R, Kwon JE, Ahn JC, Chung YJ, Mo JH. Cigarette smoke promotes eosinophilic inflammation, airway remodeling, and nasal polyps in a murine polyp model. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014 May-Jun;28(3):208-214.
  27. Kumar PS, Matthews CR, Joshi V, de Jager M, Aspiras M. Tobacco smoking affects bacterial acquisition and colonization in oral biofilms. Infect Immun 2011 Nov;79(11): 4730-4738.
  28. Namiot Z, Namiot DB, Kemona A, Gołebiewska M, Bucki R. The effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2000 Sep;104(3):569-574.
  29. Linder JA, Sim I. Antibiotic treatment of acute bronchitis in smokers: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2002 Mar;17(3):230-234.
  30. Lee WK, Ramanathan M Jr, Spannhake EW, Lane AP. The cigarette smoke component acrolein inhibits expression of the innate immune components IL-8 and human betadefensin 2 by sinonasal epithelial cells. Am J Rhinol 2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):658-663.
  31. Kamath PM, Shenoy VS, Mittal N, Sharma NK. Microbiological analysis of paranasal sinuses in chronic sinusitis—a south Indian coastal study. Egypt J Ear Nose Throat All Sci 2013 Nov;14(3):185-189.
  32. Bezerra TF, Pádna FG, Ogawa AI, Gebrim EM, Saldiva PH, Voegels RL. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: pilot study. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009 Nov- Dec;75(6):788-793.
  33. Hashemi M, Sadeghi MMM, Omrani MR, Torabi MA. Microbiology and antimicrobial resistance in chronic resistant rhino sinusitis with or without polyp after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. J Res Med Sci 2005;10(3):167-171.
  34. Farahani F, Youse Mashouf R, Hashemian F, Esmaeili R. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of aerobic organisms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in Hamadan, Iran. Avicenna J Clin Microb Infec 2014 Aug;1(2):e18961..
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.